A
a - for, at, in, etc.
a cappella - choral music without instrumental accompaniment.
a capriccio - in a capricious style
accelerando - gradually getting quicker
accent - emphasis placed on a tone or chord.
accidental - a sharp, fiat, or natural sign.
accompaniment - subordinate harmonic and/or rhythmic material
supporting a principal melody.
accrescendo - getting louder
adagio - very slow
ad libitum - at the performer's liberty
affabile - in a pleasing manner
affettuoso - affectionate, with tender warmth
affrettando - hurrying
agitato - excited
air (ayre) - a melodious composition used in some classic suites,
which was designed to accompany dancing, but it was not one of the
standard dance forms such as the Gavotte or the Minuet. a vocal or
instrumental melody.
al fine - to the end
al, alia, alle - to the - in the style of
allargando - gradually slower and broader
allegretto - slightly slower than allegro
allegro - lively, rather quick
allegro assai - very quick
allegro giusto - quick, with exactness
allegro modetaro - moderately quick
allemande - the first of the dances in the classic suite, written
in duple time and played at a moderate tempo.
al Tedesca - in the German style
areabile - sweet, loveable
areore - tenderness and affection
ambitus - the range of a plainsong from its highest to its lowest
tone.
amoroso - loving
andante - rather slow, at a moderate pace.
andantino - generally a little quicker than andante
andare - go on
Anglaise - an English country dance, sometimes part of the suite,
in quick duple time, always starting on a strong beat.
anima (con) - with life
anime - lively , spirited
animoso - in a lively manner
anticipation - an unaccented nonharmonic tone which resolves by
repetition.
antico - ancient
antiphonal - alternating choirs.
a piacere - at pleasure
a poco - by degrees, gradually
a poco a poco - little by little
appassionato - impassioned
appenato - grieved, distressed
appoggiato - leaning upon, drawn out
arabesque - a light and graceful piece with florid ornamentation
in the melody.
arcato - played with the bow
ardente - with fire, vehemently
ardore - with love and warmth
aria - a melodic composition for solo voice with accompaniment -
or, a song-like composition written in ABA form, in an opera, oratorio,
or cantata.
arietta - a small aria in binary form, that is not having the
middle section of the aria.arioso - in the style of an air
arpeggio - the notes of a chord played consecutively in a
consistently ascending or descending direction.
assai - very, extremely
assai piu - much more
a tempo - in time
atonality - absence of key or central tonality.
attacca - go on to the next
augmentation - to double the note values of a melody.
augmented triad - a three-note chord consisting of two major
thirds.
authentic cadence - a cadence concluding with the progression
dominant to tonic (V I).
authentic mode - in plainsong, a mode which ranges above the
final.
auxiliary tone - an unaccented nonharmonic tone approached
step-wise from above or below a chordal tone to which it returns.
ayre - a song or polyphonic vocal composition; old English
spelling of air.
B
bagatelle - literally, a "trifle" - a short unpretentious
composition.
ballade - a piece of a romantic type, usually in ABA form,
combining dramatic and lyrical characteristics.
band - a large ensemble consisting mainly of wind instruments.
barcarolle - a lyrical boat song usually in moderate 6/8 or 12/8 time,
and ABA form, supposed to be derived from the songs of the Venetian
Gondoliers.
bar, barline - a vertical line drawn through one or more staves
to indicate a measure. Bar also means measure (e.g., a four-bar phrase).
bar form - a form in three sections, the first of which is ( AAB
).
barocco - eccentric, bizarre
bass - a voice, instrument, or part in the low register.
bassa - low, deep
basso - the bass part, the lowest male voice
basso continuo - the instrumental figured-bass part in an
ensemble played by one or more bass instruments and a keyboard
instrument.
basso ostinato - a persistently repeated theme in the bass
register.
beat - the unit of time in metric music. In time signatures, the
upper numeral indicates the number of beats per measure.
ben, bene - well, good
bene placito - at will, at pleasure
ben marcato - well marked or accented
berceuse - a lullaby, a quiet piece generally in moderate 6/8
time, with a rocking movement in the accompaniment.
binary two-fold/binary form - a form of two divisions or sections
(AB)
bis - twice - (the passage is to be repeated)
bitonality - use of two different keys simultaneously.
bolero - a quick Spanish dance in 3/4 time with accompaniment of
castanets.
bourree - a French or Spanish dance, usually in quick duple time,
starting on an upbeat; similar to the Gavotte, and often found in the
old suites.
brass - wind instruments which produce tone by vibration of the
lips,
bravura - spirit, skill
breve - a double whole note
equal to two semi-breves or whole notes
brillante - bright, sparkling
brio - vigor, spirit
broken chord - the tones of a chord played consecutively, usually
according to some pattern.
buffa, buffo - comic, humorous
burlando - in a playful manner
C
cadence - the harmonic or melodic progression which concludes
a phrase, section, or composition.
cadenza - an ornamental passage near the end of a solo
calando - gradually decreasing the time and tone
calcando - hurrying the time
calmato - tranquility
caloroso - warmth, animation
cambiata - in the Renaissance, an unaccented nonharmonic tone
approached downward by step and resolved, on downward, by skip of a
third to a chordal tone, followed by stepwise upward progression.
canon - a composition in which each part has exactly the same
melody throughout the piece, starting at different points. The strictest
form of imitation.
cantabile - in a singing style
cantando - in a singing style
cantata - a work for choirs and soloists with orchestral
accompaniment.
canto - song, melody
cantus firmus - a "borrowed" melody (plainsong, chorale, folk
tune) to which other melodic lines are added in a contrapuntal texture.
canzonet - a little song or piece with passages of imitation,
something like a madrigal.
capo - the beginning, the top
cappella - a church, a band of musicians that play in a church
capriccio (caprice) - a piece of light and humorous style,
usually in irregular form.
carezzando - in a tender manner
carita - tenderness, feeling
celere - quick, rapid
cembalo - a harpsichord
chaconne - a slow dance, very similar to a Passacaglia, probably
originally from Spain. Usually in a major key, in 3/4 time, with a
ground bass and generally in the form of variations.
chamber music - an ensemble consisting of only a few instruments
and usually only one instrument to a part.
chanson - French term for song.
chant - general term for liturgical song similar to plainsong.
choir - vocal ensemble, usually small church choruses. Also
applied to groups in an orchestra: e.g., brass choir, woodwind choir.
choral - music for chorus or choir.
chorale - a German Protestant hymn tune, upon which larger
compositions such as the CHORAL PRELUDE were based.
chorale prelude - organ composition based on a chorale melody.
chord - a combination of three or more tones.
chordal style - in vocal polyphony, a texture in which all the
parts have the same rhythm and sing the same syllables simultaneously.
Also called familiar style.
chorus - a large vocal ensemble.
chromatic, chromaticism - extensive use of accidentals in melody
and harmony.
chromatic scale - twelve consecutive tones within an octave, one
half step apart.
col - with the
colla voce - with the voice
coll'arco - with the bow
coloration - written-out ornamentation.
coloratura - ornamental passage in vocal music
come - as, like
come prima - as before
comodo - quietly, easily
compiacevole - agreeable
con - with (for various phrases beginning with con see other
words)
concento - harmony of voices and instruments
concerto - a composition for one or more solo instruments with
orchestral accompaniment, usually written in three movements.
conjunct - stepwise progression in melody.
consonance, consonant - harmonic intervals (thirds, forths,
fifths, sixths, and octaves) which produce a sense of repose; harmony
which consists only or mainly of these intervals.
con sordini - in strings, with mutes; in piano, with dampers,
that is the damper pedal is not to be used.
continuo - without cessation
contralto - the deepest female voice
contrary motion - simultaneous melodic progression in opposite
direction between two parts.
counterpoint, contrapuntal - texture consisting of two or more
independent melodic lines.
courante (corrente)- an old dance in AB form, literally meaning
"running". Usually in triple time, and the second of the standard
movements of the suite. The Italian Corrente is much quicker than the
more refined French Courante, which frequently shifted from 3/2 to 6/4
time.
crescendo - gradually getting louder
D
da - by, from, for, etc.
da capo - a sign at the end of a movement indicating that the
player must return to the beginning. abbreviation: D.C.
da capo al fine - return to the beginning and play to the word
"fine"
dal, dalle, dalla - from the, by the, etc.
dal segno - repeat from the sign
debile - weak, feeble
deciso - in a bold manner
decrescendo - gradually getting softer
delicato - delicately
deritta, deritto - the right hand
destra - the right hand
devoto - religious
di - of, with, from, etc.
diatonic - melody or harmony confined to the tones of the scale;
the opposite of chromatic.
difficile - difficult
dignita - grandeur
diluendo - gradual dying away until no sound is left
diminished triad - a three-note chord consisting of two minor
thirds.
diminuendo - gradually getting softer
diminution - to halve the note values of a melodyú Also, a form
of ornamentation.
di molto - very much
disciolto - skillful, dexterous
discreto - discreetly
disjunct - melodic progression dominated by wide skips.
dissonance, dissonant - harmonic intervals (seconds, sevenths,
ninths, augmented and diminished intervals) which produce the effect of
action or tension; chords which contain one or more of these intervals.
di sopra - above
disperato - with desperation
divisi - separated (half the players play the upper notes, and
the others play the lower notes.
dolce - sweetly
dolente - sorrowful
dolore - grief, sorrow
doloroso - sorrowfully
dominant - the fifth tone of a diatonic scale, and the chord buik
on that tone.
dopo - after
doppio movimento - twice as fast
dotted rhythm - rhythmic patterns consisting of a dotted note
followed by a note of the next smaller denomination (e.g., a dotted
quarter followed by an eighth note).
double bar - two vertical lines drawn through one or more staves
to indicate a major sectional division or the conclusion of a
composition.
double fugue - a fugue with two subjects and, correspondingly,
two expositions.
double stopping - playing two notes simultaneously on a bowed
string instrument.
drammatico - dramatic
due corde - two strings - the una corda pedal is to be put
half-way down
duo - two, in two parts
duolo - sorrow, sadness
duple meter - two or four beats to the measure.
duro - harsh, rude
dynamics - levels of soft and loud.
E
e, ed. - and
ecclesia - church
ecossaise - originally a slow dance in 3/4 time, allegedly of
Scottish origin but not at all similar to the Scottish dance music, such
as the reel. Later it became livelier and was written in duple time.
effretto - the effect of music on an audience
eighth note - one eighth the value of a whole note
equalmente - evenly, alike
elegante/eleganza - graceful, elegant
elegiaco - plaintive
eleventh chord - a chord of six tones, five superimposed thirds.
embellishment - short, fast ornaments such as trills, mordents,
and turns.
emozione - agitation
energico - forcibly
enfactico - with earnestness
entre'acte - music played between acts of a drama
entree - an introduction, a march-like piece played during the
entrance of a dancing group, or played before a ballet. Usually in 4/4
time.
ensemble - a performing group consisting of two or more players
or singers.
epico - heroic
equabitmente - mostly, evenly
espirando - gasping
espressivo - to be played or sung with expression
estinto - becoming extinct
estramamente - extremely
ethnomusicology - the study of music of different cultures,
especially non-Western or non-European music.
etude - a study written for the purpose of practising and
developing facility in a special problem of technique, or for displaying
the technical skill of the performer.
F
facile - light, easy
familiar style - chordal style in polyphonic music.
fantasia - a movement free in spirit and form, rather like an
improvisation.
fantastico - whimsical
fastoso - proudly, stately
fauxbordon - parallel first inversion chords in 15th-century
music.
ferma - resolute, steady
fermata - a pause or hold
fermato - firmly, resolutely
feroce - fierce
fervente - ardent
fervido - vehement
festivo/festoso - merry, gay
fiacco - feeble, weak
fieramente - boldly
figuration - recurrent melodic pattern.
figured bass - use of numerals and other signs accompanying the
notes of a bass part to indicate harmony to be filled in on a keyboard
instrument; used in the Baroque.
final - the concluding tone in a plainsong; the tonic.
finale - the last movement or concluding section of a large
composition.
fine - the end
finement - acutely
fiebile - sad, mournful
flat - a symbol placed in front of a note to indicate lowering
that note by one half step
florid - ornamented, embellished, decorated,
form - the plan of organization of musical materials.
forte - loud
forte-piano - loud, then immediately soft
forte possibile - as loud as possible
fortissimo - very loud
forza - strength, power
forzando/forzato - forced, usually on one note or chord
freddezza - coldness
frescamente - vigorously
fretta - increasing the time
funerale - mournful
fuoco - fire, passion
fugal - in the style of a fugue; use of contrapuntal imitation.
fughetta - a short fugue or a fugal section in a composition.
fugue - a contrapuntal form based on imitation of a subject
(theme) written for two or more voices. It is based on a short theme or
subject, stated at the beginning by one voice, and brought in by each of
the others in turn.
furioso - furiously
furore - fury, rage
G
gaio - with cheerfulness
galante - boldly, gallantly
garbato - graceful
garbo - grace, elegance
gavotte - an old French dance form, stately and dignified, in
duple time beginning on the weak half of the bar. Sometimes found in the
old suites. It was often followed by another Gavotte or a Musette, and
then repeated.
generoso - in a dignified manner
gentile - pleasing, elegant
gigue (jig) - a lively dance in 6/8 or 12/8 time, usually the
final movement of a suite. It was contrapuntal in style with the second
half frequently using the inverted subject.
giocando - cheerful, merry
giocoso - humourously
glissando - producing all pitches between two or more notes, as
by sliding the finger along the string of a violin or the keyboard of a
piano.
guibilazione - jubilant
guisto - equal, steady and exact time
giustezza - precision
glissando - in a gliding manner, slurred
gradevole - gracefully
gradualmente - gradually, by degrees
grandioso - grand, noble
grave - extremely slow and solemn
grazioso - in a graceful style
grosso - full, great
grottesco - grotesque
gusto - taste, expression
H
half note - one half the value of a whole note
harmony - the element of music having to do with simultaneous
sounds, the combinations of tones, chord structure, chord progression,
consonance, and dissonance.
homophony, homophonic - a texture consisting of a single melodic
line with subordinate accompaniment. Also, sometimes used to mean
chordal style in polyphonic music.
hopak - a lively Russian dance in simple duple time.
hornpipe - a very lively English dance, first written in triple
time but later in quadruple time. Now usually associated with sailors,
but this apparently has no historical basis.
hymn - a religious song.
I
I, it - the
idiom - style appropriate to a specific medium, its capacities
and limitations. Also used to mean style in general.
il piu - the most
im - in the
imitando - imitating
imitation - a theme or melody which appears consecutively in
different parts in contrapuntal texture.
impaziente - impatient, hurried
imperioso - pompous
impetuoso - vehement
imponente - haughtily
impromptu - a piece that suggests improvisation, that has a
feeling of informality. First used in the early nineteenth century.
improvisation - to create music extemporaneously. Also applies to
unindicated ornamentation and to realization of a figured bass.
in - in, in the
incalzando - with growing warmth
inconsolato - in a mournful style
inquieto - restless, uneasy
instantemente - urgently
instrumentation - the instruments indicated in an orchestral
score.
intermezzo - an interlude, a piece designed originally to be
performed between the acts of a play or opera.
interval - the pitch distance between two tones, designated
numerically as seconds, thirds, fourths, and so on.
intimo - expressive
intrata (intrada) - the name given to an opening piece of
march-like character. The Italian equivalent of an Entrée or Prelude.
intrepidamente - boldly
invention - a short contrapuntal piece for two or three voices,
in imitative style.
inversion - in melody, the interval-for-interval progression in
the opposite direction, up for down and vice versa. In harmony, the root
of a chord in some part other than the bass, e.g., first inversion
(third of the chord in the bass), second inversion (fifth of the chord
in the bass).
invertible counterpoint - counterpoint so designed that either of
two melodic lines may be the upper.
irato - angrily
ironico - ironical
irresoluto - wavering
istesso - the same
istesso tempo - the same time
J
jubiloso - exulting
K
key - the tonal center of a composition or subdivision
thereof. The key of a composition is indicated by the letter name of its
tonic. Also, the white or black surface on a keyboard instrument which
produces a tone when depressed.
keyboard - the series of black and white keys of a piano, organ,
harpsichord or similar instrument.
key signature - sharps or flats at the beginning of each staff to
indicate the key of the composition.
L
lacrimoso - weeping, tearful
lamentando - mourning
lamentoso - mournful
landler - a popular German or Austrian dance in 3/4 or 3/8
time,thought to be the true origin of the waltz. It is very like a
waltz, though slower.
languendo/languido - feeble, languishing
largamente - broadly
larghetto - not as slow as largo
largo - slow and broad
leading tone - the seventh note of a diatonic scale and the chord
built on that note.
legatissimo - exceedingly smooth
legato - smoothly
leggiero - lightly
leno - feeble, faint
lentando - with increased slowness
lento - slow
lestamente - quickly, lively
lesto - lively quick
libero - free, unrestrained
libretto - the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata.
lied - German word for song; plural: lieder.
liederbuch - German book of songs.
line - the melodic component in a composition; melodic line.
linear counterpoint - dissonant counterpoint,
liscio - simple, smooth
l'istesso - the same
liturgical - music intended for performance in a church service.
loco - place; return to the written register after playing an
octave higher through using 8va
lontano - distant, a great way off
loure - a slow French dance in 6/4 time, sometimes found in the
classic Suite.
lugubre - sad, mournful
lunga pausa - a long pause
lusingando - alluring, flattering
luttuoso - sorrowful
lyric - song-like, as opposed to dramatic.
M
ma - but
madrigal - a composition for unaccompanied voices. It originated
in Italy in the fifteenth century, and was written in from two to eight
voices.
maestoso - dignified
maggiore - the major key
main droite - right hand
main gauche - left hand
major - a diatonic scale with half steps between the third and
fourth and between the seventh and eighth tones of the scale. Also, a
triad consisting of a major and a minor third.
mancando - dying away
moniera - manner, style
mano - the hand
mano destra - the right hand
mano sinistra - the left hand
marcando/marcato - accented
march - a piece written in simple duple or quadruple time,
strongly accented, used for accompanying marching (usually of soldiers).
martellato - strongly marked - hammered
marziale - in the style of a march
mazurka - a Polish national dance in moderate 3/4 time, with
strong accents on the third beat, and sometimes on the second.
measure - a group of beats between bar lines; also, all the notes
between two bar lines.
mediant - the third note of a diatonic scale, and the chord built
on that note.
medium - the voices and/or instruments required for the
performance of a composition; plural: media.
melisma, melismatic - a melodic passage sung to one syllable of
the text; a melodic style of many notes to a syllable.
melody, melodic - consecutive tones; the linear or horizontal
element of music.
meter, metric - the measuring of time in music according to a
specific number of beats to the measure.
meno - less
mesto/mestoso - sad, mournful
mezza/mezzo - medium, half
mezzo soprano - a female voice lower than a soprano but higher
than a contralto
minacciando - menacing
minor - a diatonic scale with a half step between the second and
third notes of the scale; the upper tetrachord of a minor scale is
variable, resulting in natural, harmonic, and melodic forms of the minor
scale. A triad consisting of a minor and major third.
minuet (menuet) - a French dance in triple time, usually followed
by a TRIO and then repeated. The early minuets were rather dignified and
graceful but the later ones became faster and lighter in character.
misterioso - in a mysterious manner
misurato - in strict, measured time
mobile - changeable
moderato - in moderate time
modality, modal - melody and/or harmony based on one of the
church modes.
mode - one of the eight church modes. Also refers to major or
minor keys.
modulation - melodic or harmonic progressions which begin in one
key and end in another.
molto - very much, a great deal
monody - early 17-century term for accompanied solo songs.
monophony, monophonic - texture consisting of a single melodic
line without accompaniment.
morendo - dying away in time and tone
mormoroso - with a gentle, murmuring sound
mosso - movement, motion
motive - a short melodic and/or rhythmic fragment.
moto - motion (con moto - rather quick)
moto perpetuo - perpetual motion
movement - the complete and independent part of large works such
as sonatas, symphonies, suites.
movimento - impulse, the time of a piece
multitonality - music which shifts abruptly between two or more
remotely related keys without modulation.
musette - a short French dance-tune of pastoral character, with a
drone-bass, originally played on a bag-pipe. Found in some Suites
usually following a Gavotte.
musicology - the scholarly study of music, especially research in
music history.
N
natural - a symbol which cancels a previously indicated sharp
or flat
neighbor tone - same as auxiliary tone.
negligente - unconstrained, careless
nel, nella, nell' - in the, at the
neomodality - modern melodic or harmonic material which makes use
of a church mode or some new scale basis.
ninth chord - a chord of five tones, four superimposed thirds.
nobile - noble, grand
nocturne - literally "night piece". A romantic, dreamy piece for
piano written with a melody over a broken chord accompaniment.
non - not, no
nonchordal, nonharmonic - a dissonant tone which does not belong
to the chord with which it sounds.
notation - systems of symbols for writing music, mainly
indicating pitch and duration of tones.
O
obbligato - indispensable
octave - the pitch interval between a tone and the seventh tone
above it in a diatonic scale, or between the letter name of a tone and
its recurrence above or below. The vibration ratio of an octave is two
to one: if the tone A is 440 vibrations per second, the octave above it
is 880 and the octave below is 220.
opera - a drama set to music for soloists, chores and orchestra.
opus - work, composition
oratorio - a nonliturgical, nontheatrical sacred work for
soloists, chores and orchestra, something like an opera but performed
without action, costumes or scenery.
orchestra - a large instrumental ensemble.
orchestration - the manner in which instruments are employed in an
orchestral composition.
ossia - otherwise, or else
ostinato - continuous, unceasing rhythmic and/or melodic pattern.
ottava - an octave, an eighth
ottava alta - the octave higher
ottava bassa - the octave lower
overture - a instrumental prelude to an Opera, play or Oratoria.
P
parlando/parlante - accented; in a recitative or speaking
style
passacaglia - a chaconne with a ground bass in slow triple time,
and always in a minor key.
parallel keys - major and minor keys having the same letter name
but different key signatures (e.g., G major with one sharp and G minor
with two flats ).
parallel motion, parallelism - two or more melodic lines which
move simultaneously in the same direction and by the same intervals.
part - the single line in a polyphonic composition. One refers to
the soprano part, the violin part, and so on.
partita - a word meaning either Suite or a set of variations.
passepied - a gay, spirited French dance in 3/8 or 6/8 time,
sometimes in the German Suites.
passing tone - an unaccented nonharmonic tone between two chordal
tones a third apart.
passionato/passionatamente - impassioned, passionate
pastorale - a piece written to imitate the music of shepherds,
usually in moderate 6/8 or 12/8 time, a tender flowing melody, somewhat
suggestive of a Musette.
patetica - pathetic
pateticamente - pathetically
pausa - a pause
pavane - a slow solemn dance in duple (or sometimes triple) time,
of Spanish origin; generally in three sections, each one repeated.
paventato - fearful
pedal point - a sustained tone in the bass over which changing
harmonies take place.
pentatonic - a five-tone scale (e.g., the black keys of the
piano).
per - for, by, from, etc.
percussion - essentially rhythmic instruments such as drums,
cymbals, gongs, and triangle.
perdendosi - gradually decreasing in time and tone
pesante - heavy
phrase - a musical unit, often four measures in length, which
concludes with a cadence.
piacere - pleasure, fancy
piacevole - pleasing, agreeable
piangevole - mournful
pianissimo - extremely soft
piano - a keyboard instrument. Also, the indication for soft, a
low dynamic level. Abbreviation :
pickup beat - one or several unaccented notes of a melody
preceding the bar line at the beginning of a phrase. Also called
anacrusis.
piena, pieno - full
pieta - pity
pietoso - tenderly, pitifully
pitch - the vibration frequency of a tone.
piu - more
piu mosso/piu moto - more motion
pizzicato - plucking the strings of a bowed string instrument
with the fingers
placido - calm, tranquil
plagal cadence - the progression subdominant to tonic (IV I) at
the conclusion of a cadence.
plagal mode - in plainsong, the modes which range approximately a
fourth below and a fifth above the final.
plainsong - liturgical Catholic monophonic song. Also called
Gregorian chant, plainchant.
pochettino/pochetto - very little slower
poco a poco - little by little
poi - then, afterwards
poi a poi - by degrees
polonaise (polacca) - a Polish dance in moderate 3/4 time. The
phrases end on the third beat of the bar, and there are many repetitions
of short motives. It is not a folk dance, but originated from court
ceremonies.
polychoral - the use of two or more separate choirs.
polyphony, polyphonic - a texture consisting of two or more
independent melodic lines; nearly synonymous with counterpoint,
contrapuntal.
polytonality, polytonal - The simultaneous use of two or more
keys.
pomposo - pompous
ponderoso - massively, heavily
ponticello - the bridge of a stringed instrument
possibile - possible
precipitato - hurriedly
precipitando - hurrying
precisione - exactness
preciso - precise, exact
prelude - a piece designed to be played as an introduction, but
also an independent short romantic piece in an improvised manner.
preparation - a chordal (consonant) tone which subsequently
becomes a nonchordal (dissonant) tone, as in a suspension.
prestissimo - as fast as possible
presto - quickly, rapidly.
primo - first, principal
prima volta - the first time
program music - instrumental music which the composer intends to
be descriptive of some action, scene, or story, and which carries a
descriptive title.
progression - a sequence of tones in melody, or chords in
harmony.
psalm - musical setting of texts from the biblical Book of
Psalms.
Q
quarter note - one fourth the value of a whole note
quasi - in the manner of
quieto - quick, calm, serene
R
rallentando - gradually getting slower
range - the pitch distance between the highest and lowest note of
a melody, voice, or instrument.
rapidamente - rapidly
rattenuto - holding back
realization, to realize - filling in the harmony of a figured
bass.
recitative - a declamatory prose style of singing in operas,
oratorios, and cantatas.
refrain - recurrent lines of text and music at the end of each
stanza of a song.
register - the general pitch level of a part, voice, or
instrument (e.g., soprano implies a high register, bass a low register).
registration - the combinations of stops used in an organ
composition.
relative keys - major and minor keys which have the same key
signature (e.g., C major and A minor are relative keys).
religioso - solemnly, in a devout manner
replicazione - repetition
requiem - a Mass for the Dead, set to music for solo voices and
chores.
responsorial - in plainsong, a section for solo voice followed by
a section for chorus in unison.
rhapsody - a free fantasy, usually of heroic or national
character, and often brilliant in style.
rhumba (rumba) - a Cuban dance with complex rhythm, much
syncopation, and repetition of an eight-bar theme.
rhythm - the time element in music which is determined by accent
and/or duration of tones.
rigaudon (English: rigadoon) - a seventeenth century Provenqal
dance in lively duple or quadruple time. Something like a Bourrée, with
the phrases beginning on the last quarter of the bar.
rigore - strictness
rinforzando - reinforced
ripetizione - repetition
risoluto - bold, resolved
ritardando - gradually getting slower
ritenuto - suddenly slower, held back
romance - a piece that is song-like, sentimental and tender in
character.
rondino - a small or easy rondo.
rondo - French 'rondeau' a piece in which the main theme keeps
recurring with different episodes between - ABACA. A more modern form is
extended to ABACAB and coda.
root - the tone on which a chord is built.
rubato - robbed, taking a portion of time from one note and
giving it to another
rustico - rural, rustic
S
sarabande - a dignified dance, probably originally from Spain.
In 3/4 or 3/2 time, usually starting on the first beat. It moves along
at a steady pace, with an accent or a prolonged note on the second beat.
It is in AB form, with the phrases ending on the second beat. Commonly
found in the old suites.
scale - a system of adjacent notes on which melody and harmony
are based.
scherzando - playful, lively
scherzino - a little scherzo.
scherzo - (Italian meaning "joke") - a piece in 3/4 time which is
sometimes playful and joking, but also can be moody, gloomy and
dramatic, such as those of Chopin.
score - two or more staves with notes vertically aligned in vocal
or instrumental part music.
schottische - a round dance in 2/4 time, something like a slow
Polka, known in England as the German Polka.
schietto - simple, neat
sciolto - freedom, ease
se - if, in case, as
secco - "dry" that is staccato
segno - a sign
- dal segno - repeat from the sign
segue - now follows, go on with what follows
semplice - simple
sempre - always
sentimento - feeling, delicate expression
senza - without
sequence - a recurrent melodic pattern repeated at successively
higher or lower intervals. In plainsong, a form of trope.
serenade - French for "evening music" - originally a love song
sung under the window of a lady, by her lover now an instrumental piece
of similar character.
serioso - serious
seventh chord - a chord of four tones, three superimposed thirds.
sforzando - strongly accented, suddenly loud
sharp - a symbol placed in front of a note to indicate raising
that note by one half step
 .
siciliano - a soft, slow peasant dance in 6/8 or 12/8 time, often
in a minor key. Rather similar to a Pastorale, usually in ABA form. It
usually has a melody in dotted rhythms, with a broken chord
accompaniment.
simile - like
sixteenth note - one sixteenth the value of a whole note
slargando - broadening
slentando - getting slower
smorzando - toning down to extinction
soave - gentle, soft
solenne - solemn
solfeggietto - an Italian word meaning "little study".
solo - a composition for a single voice or instrument
sonabile - resonant
sonata - a work consisting of three or four independent pieces
called movements, each of which follows certain forms and
characteristics, written for one or two instruments. Similar works for
three instruments are called TRIOS, for four instruments are called
QUARTETS, and for orchestra are called SYMPHONIES.
sonatina - a small, easier sonata with fewer and short movements.
song - a vocal solo.
sonore - harmonious
sonority - qualities of texture: thick or thin, heavy or light,
etc.
sordamente - softly, gently
sordino - a mute or a stringed instrument. Dampers on a piano
sostenuto - sustained
sotto voce - softly, in a low voice
spianato - smooth, even
spiccato - separated, detached. Played with the point of the bow.
spirito - spirit, life
stabile - firm
staccato - detached, separated
stanchezza - weariness
staff, staves - the five horizontal parallel lines on or between
which notes are written.
stentando - heavy and retarding
stentato - forced, loud
stesso - the same
strascinato - dragged along
strepitoso - boisterous
stringendo - pressing onwards, hurrying
strings - instruments which produce tone by bowing or plucking
taut strings ( e.g., violins, guitars ).
string quartet - a chamber ensemble consisting of two violins,
viola, and cello. Also, compositions written for that medium.
strophic - song form in which all stanzas of the text are set to
the same music.
style - the characteristic quality of music determined by the
integration of all elements (e.g., rhythm, melody, harmony, texture).
su - above, upon
suavita - sweetness, delicacy
subdominant - the fourth note of a diatonic scale and the chord
bulk on that note.
subito - suddenly
subject - the theme of a fugue.
submediant - the sixth note of a diatonic scale and the chord
built on that note.
suite - a group of pieces consisting (in the classical form)
entirely of dance forms, and all in the same key. The basic movements
included were the Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue, and then
usually one or more others such as the Gavotte, Minuet, Bourr6e,
Passepied, etc. The suite was often preceded by a Prelude. Also referred
to as an instrumental composition of numerous movements, often of a
dance-like character.
sul, sull, sulla - on, upon the
supertonic - the second note of a diatonic scale and the chord
built on that note.
suspension - a nonharmonic device in which a chordal (consonant)
tone is held through a bhange of harmony to become a nonchordal
(dissonant) tone which then resolves downward to another chordal
(consonant) tone.
sussurando - whispering, murmuring
svelto - free, light
syllabic - a style of text setting in which there is a
predominance of one syllable of the text to one note of the melody.
symphony - an orchestra, or a multimovement form for orchestra.
syncopation - a rhythmic device in which the normal accents of
the measure are displaced by accenting weak beats, rests on strong
beats, or tying notes over from a weak to a strong beat.
T
tacet - be silent
tanto - so much, as much
tarantella - a wild Italian dance in 3/8 or 6/8 time, which was
supposed to cure the poisonous bite of the spider called the tarantula.
It frequently alternated modes, and increased in frenzy towards the end.
tardamente - slowly
Tedesca - German
tema - theme or subject
tempo - generally, the speed of music; the rate of beats as
indicated by such terms as allegro, presto, adagio, lento, and andante.
tempo giusto - in strict time
tempo ordinario - in moderate time
tempo primo - the original time
tempo rubato - robbed or irregular time
teneramente - tenderly
tenuto - sustained
ternary - a form in three sections (ABA).
tessitura - the average range of a vocal part
tetrachord - a four-tone section of a scale.
texture - the disposition of the melodic element in music. (See
monophonic, polyphonic, homophonic); also means sonority.
theme - the melodic idea on which a composition is based. A theme
may also include rhythmic, harmonic, and other factors.
thorough bass - see basso continuo, figured bass.
tie - a curved line connecting two consecutive notes on the same
line or space of the staff; indicates the note to be held over rather
than repeated.
timbre - tone color or tone quality.
time signature - numerals at the beginning of a composition, the
upper figure of which indicates the number of beats in the measure, the
lower of which indicates the kind of note which gets one beat.
timoroso - with hesitation
toccata - (Latin meaning "touch") - a virtuoso piece composed to
display the technical skill of the player, usually with full chords,
arpeggios and running passages, in a free fantasy style.
toccatina - a small short toccata - sometimes used as an opening
to a Suite.
tonality - the sense of gravitation around a tonal center or key.
tonic - the first note of a diatonic scale, the note from which a
key gets its name, and the chord built on that note.
tosto - swift, rapid
tranquillo - calmness, quietness
transcription - arranging a composition for a different medium.
trascinando - dragging the time
tre - three
treble - a relatively high-register part, indicated by the G clef
or treble clef.
tre corde - three strings, an indication to stop using the soft
pedal
tremolo - rapid reiteration of a sing-note or rapid alternation
between two notes.
triad - a three-note chord, consisting of two thirds.
trionfale - triumphal
triple meter - three beats to the measure.
triple stopping - playing on three strings of a bowed string
instrument, simultaneously or in rapid succession.
tristezza - sadness, heaviness
trope - an interpolated section of melody and text in plainsong.
troppo - too much; non troppo - not too much
tune - A melody.
tutti - A passage played by the entire orchestra.
U
uguale - equal, similar
un, una, uno - a, an, one
unaccompanied - a solo part, passage, or vocal ensemble without
accompaniment.
una corda - one string, the soft pedal is to be depressed
unison - two parts singing or playing the same note.
V
va - go on
vaccilando - irregular in time
vago - rambling, uncertain as to time or expression
variation - the modified repetition of a theme or melody without
the loss of it's entire identity; a form based on this technique.
veloce - swiftly
velocissimo - with extreme rapidity
vibrato - a slight varying of pitch produced by the rapid
movement of the left hand on a stringed instrument
vigoroso - bold, energetic
violento - boisterous, vehement
virtuosity - prominent display of technical facility in
performance.
vitamente - briskly, immediately
vivace/vivo - animated, briskly
vocal - music to be performed by the human voice or voices.
voice - the human organ of sound, classified according to
registers (e.g., soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Also, a part in polyphonic
music (e.g., a four-voice madrigal, a five-voice fugue).
volta - time
volta prima - first time
volta seconda - the second time
volti - turn over
volti subito - turn the page over quickly
volubilita - freedom of performance
W
waltz - a dance in triple time which probably originated from
the German Ländler and is still a very popular form.
whole note - the basic unit of note values
whole-tone scale - a scale of six notes a whole step apart.
wind instruments - instruments which produce tones by a vibrating
column of air when blown; woodwinds and brass.
woodwind instruments - wind instruments which generate tone by a
vibrating reed (e.g., oboes, clarinets, saxophones, bassoons) or by a
whistle-type mechanism (flutes, recorders).
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